出国留学首选一诺留学

　　Task 1

　　Describe a job, career or profession which you wish to pursue. Explain why this job is your ideal job. Include reasons and details to support your response.

　　Task 3

　　【个人倡议】：health center 的问题，文章说病人看病通常等很久，而且即使等上了，也是一下就检查完了，因为医生已经overworked了，所以提出两条建议：1、增加医生 2、要求医生周末也上班。

　　【学生态度】：男的反对说：health center太小了，增加医生会使space显得更小，不方便，另外，周末在学校的学生本来就不多，大家都回家去happy，而且也不一定会生病，没必要要求医生上班。

　　B

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】一个ecosystem中，prey和predator之间的population 是相互影响的。

　　【教授举例】以wolves和mice数量之间互相影响为例，根据相对population size分三个phases循环：

　　1 Prey(mice)多，predator(wolf)食物充足，(wolf)population增加。

　　2 Prey(mice)少了，predator(wolf)食物减少了，(wolf)population减少

　　3 Population 平衡了。

　　Task5

　　【学生困难】男生今晚得去visit museum找资料完成art class论文(明天museum将被closed),但他晚上又要上课。

　　【解决方案】女生建议：1 miss the class tonight, 去museum. 回头借同学笔记抄 2 to talk with professor of art to postpone the due date, 男生说教授会生气。 描述男生遇到的困难，女生给的两个建议，你的建议及理由。

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】Reinforcement is a method to change one’s behavior. Reinforcement分positive reinforcement和negative reinforcement两种。教授举例：You must get up early to go work. 不喜欢早起，为让自己早起，有两种办法：Positive: add sth. Make you happy. 要么给giving 自己positive reward, you can reward yourself by delicious breakfast. 就可让自己早起。 Negative: remove sth that make you unhappy. 要么remove negative things, change the shower time, which you feel uncomfortable, to evening. 这样人也就不会那么讨厌早起了。

　　C

　　Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people today are more informed about the world events than their parents when they were young. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

　　D

　　Task 1

　　What do you think is ONE of the most important characteristics that a good teacher should have? Include specific reasons and details in your explanation.

　　Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? While choosing friends, people should always choose those who have different interests from their own. Include specific reasons and examples in your explanation.

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】Marine animals protect themselves by producing lights. There were 2 ways: 方式一、sudden flash bright light: 举例：When they are under attack, deep-sea shrimps will give a short period bright light to frighten the attackers, and deep-sea sea shrimps can escape. 方式二、constant flash bright light; 举例： Since their predators always hunt animals by judging dark shades, hatchet fish give constant light to make themselves seem like sunshine. By doing this, their predators can hardly find them.

　　E

　　Task 1

　　Describe a special gift you gave to some else. Explain why it is a special gift? Include details to support your explanation.

　　Task 2

　　When you earn a little extra money, is it better to spend your money or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

　　Task 3

　　【学校通知】为了节能大学计划：1 关掉图书馆的灯，代之以节就灯。 2 调高空调air-condition的温度。

　　【学生态度】女生反对此计划。理由 1 学校应该把学校里的很多空教室的灯关掉来达到节能的目的。节能灯太暗，学生还得自己带台灯。理由2 如果关掉空调，in hot day,图书馆就不够comfortable, 就没人去图书馆学习了，大家只能在宿舍复习了，但是宿舍又太吵，所以很难专心复习。

　　F

　　Task 1

　　Which technology has made the greatest impact on people’s life in your contry? Airplane, computer or television, use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 2

　　Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 3

　　【学校通知】the university is considering moving the student theater center from campus to the nearby downtown. 好处 1. Downtown theater has a larger space, and it can contain more audiences. 好处2 the new theater will have better technical facilities, so that students can get better light and sound while they are appreciating performances.

　　【学生态度】男生反对此计划。理由1. Audiences in the downtown theater are mainly students. It is quite inconvenient for them to drive for 20 min to get there to see performances, so few of them would like to go to the new theater. 理由2 the facilities in school theater are quite basic and easy to operate. However, students are not professional and well-trained, and the facilities in downtown theater will be too complex for students to operate. So, students might end up with worse lights and sounds than what they have now. So, better facilities are not necessary.

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】Human behavior consists of a serial of simple behavior.有一种教育方法叫behavior chaining(行为链锁)，有时候教小孩子一件事，把complex activity 分解开来一步一步教，他们更容易理解掌握。

　　【教授举例】一个教授教他三岁的女儿如何洗手。洗手过程行为分解为五个步骤。1.打开水龙头turn on the water 2. Wet the hands; 3 put some soap; 4. Rinse hands; 5 turn off the water. 教授先一步一步地教女儿分解动作，直到她熟悉一个动作后，再教她下一个动作。最后把所有动作连接起来，他女儿就学会如何洗手了。

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】男生明天要去参加一个job interview,可是他把西装suit落在他父母家了。

　　【解决方案】男生自己对自己说出两个方案; 方案1 借室友的西装。男生说roommate的西装不合身，有点儿big, looks sluggish. 如果穿roommate的西装去参加面试，可能会给招聘官留一个不好的impression. 方案2 去商店买一套新的，男生说挺贵的，他想攒钱买辆自行车，如果买衣服就没钱买车了。

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】2 stages of children’s social development in playing: Stage 1: associative play: if some three to four years old children play together with same material, they think and behavior in different ways, for example, while some 3-4 years children are playing blocks together, little Johnny may use blocks to build a car and little Mary may use blocks to build an airplane. Stage 2: Cooperative play: if some four to six years old children play together with the same material, they may create a house together. They may discuss about how it should look like, how many rooms it should have and how the roof should look like.

　　G

　　Task 1

　　What benefits will you have if you attend a university or college in a foreign country? Include reasons and details to support your response.

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】男生所在的psychology study group 里有个规矩：每次轮着去一个组员的apartment 里have dinner后学习，去谁家谁就要cook.. It’s his turn 今天，男生说他studies in the library all the afternoon. 忘记今晚要给学习小组做饭了，他担心来不及回家cook了。

　　【解决方案】男生自己说出两个方案：方案1、去附近的restaurant buy外卖带回家，餐馆里东西也很好吃，男生不愿意去参观买，因为给6个人买外卖too expensive。而且他其实已经买好做饭的材料了，就是没时间做而已。方案2、打电话给group members，让他们晚一点来他的apartment,留出时间他做饭，但这样可能比较晚，大家会饿着，且可能没时间做讨论了。

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】为逃避天敌survive,昆虫采取两种mimicry: 第一种，伪装成predator的predator,来吓跑predator.举例：有种fly伪装成某种能sting 的bee， 尽管它没刺，但看上去比以前bigger了，它的捕食者think it is dangerous,就不去惹他，第二种，伪装成predator本身的样子，look unattractive to predators, predator以为它是自己人，就不攻击他了。举例：有种moth伪装成jumping spider,身体color与jumping spider的相同，真spider以为它是friend，就不找他了。

　　H

　　Task 1

　　Describe the steps, through which you once learned a new thing and explain how you learned it. Please include details and examples in your response.

　　Task 3

　　【学生倡议】一个学生写信建议图书馆限制一次性借书数量最多借十本limit the number of books borrowed from library, 理由1 大多数学生一次错太多书看不过来，理由2 许多人借的时间太长，不按时还甚至看书，影响他人借书，这样可以减少图书馆每年丢书的数目。

　　【学生态度】女生反对，理由1，不应受限，she has 4.5门课many lessons and have to research, she uses lots of books when writing research paper,一次就需要查20本书， so she needs many books at a time. 所以还是把书接回家写好。理由2 图书馆这样做明显是不信任学生，她从不会不按时还，不会把书弄丢，never lost or misplace any books, she thinks school must trust its students coz they are adults. They can take good care of the book they borrowed.

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】女教授讲古人类early human为了保暖，为了吓跑动物，要使火不灭to keep the fire burning的方法有两种手段two ways; 手段1，technological knowledge, 当闪电击中树木着火之后，古人类发现围在火边很暖和，但没过多久，木头烧完后火就灭了fire die out.当他们偶然发现木头wood其实是一种fuel让火一直燃烧，要keep fire burning, 就要往火里不停加木头add wood. 手段2 social skills, 如果大家同时睡觉的话，火就会灭掉，大家轮流看守火种，(一些人去sleep了，另一些人就照看着火)加木头take turns to look after the fire to keep it burning all the time. Cooperate, cooperation.

　　I

　　Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should do some work, like part-time jobs before attending college. Use specific reasons and examples in your answer.

　　Task 3

　　【个人倡议】：一个学生在校报上写倡议书，建议学校应该延长课间休息时间increase time between classes from 10 to 20 min. 理由1. 从一个教室到另一个教室十分钟内赶课来不及，有些学生上课会迟到may be late for the next class, cannot arrive on time. 理由2. 现在的课间休息break时间太短，学生没有时间课下问老师问题no time to talk to professors.延长课间休息时间学生下课后可以问老师问题。

　　【学生态度】：男生反对此倡议。理由1. 实际上很多课上课的教室在同一栋教学楼teaching building里，教室之间的距离并不远not quite far away from each other, 一般只有8、9分钟完全可以走到下一节课的教室，10 min is enough for students to go to different classes. Even if因教室距离太远you arrive late, the professor will be understanding, 不会责怪你，甚至会主动帮你补全你的缺的课fill what you have missed for you. 理由2. 学生不必在课间问问题not necessary，课间问教授问题是一个比较private的事情，对于大多数学生比较unfair，教授平时都have their regular office hours for students to ask questions. 学生可以那时候去拜访或者邮件send email问教授问题。

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】：刺激区辨(stimulus discrimination)。动物会通过sound, smell, movement 等等来作为stimulus传递信号。动物们能依靠听辨recognize/distinguish相近的声音，来判断另一种动物是不是有威胁。

　　【教授举例】：教授举了海报seal的例子。有一种whale叫虎鲸orcas，会吃掉海豹，但是其他orca is harmless to seal，都是吃鱼的。海豹seal依靠听辨predator和harmless不同的sound来区分不同的orcas。如果对方的声音不complex，叫声很simple，one note，monotonous，high pitch sound，repetitive，over and over again它们就知道对方是海豹的predator，要捕食它们了，这时就要立即escape了。如果对方的叫声complex，like music，由几个音调note参杂在一起with variation，它们就知道对方是non-predator，harmless，就不用紧张keep on eating，才save energy不run away。

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】：女生Monica周末回了趟父母家，把数学书落在父母家了forgot her text book in her parent’s home，数学作业做不成assignment。tomorrow要交。

　　【解决方案】：男生给她两个建议：1.找室友Emily借数学书，但女生说室友现在正在用那本书do assignment，她只能等着室友用完以后hours later借来看，熬夜做作业，she may only have little sleep. 建议2. 明天开车回家取数学书drive back to home to get the textbook, 等她把书取回来以后再做作业。女的说她也希望用自己的书。好处：就算你迟交了教授也能理解，但是女生说数学老师要求严格is very strict，晚交一天作业怕拿不了满分。

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】：商家在用广告做比较营销(comparative marketing)时，指的是在做广告的时候提到competitor，让competitor显得inferior，这样自己的就显得better。但这样做可能面临两个risks：1. 做广告是，会mention the competitor’s brand name for a lot of times, will increase consumer’s memory of their products.举例：某某soft drink的广告说自己比另一种饮料好喝tester better，因为提到了对手的名字，让观众知道了对手的名字，转而去购买对手的产品，他们自己的销量反而下降了。2. 做广告，本想拉拢竞争对手的消费者，但如果说过火了，就会 insult potential customers，尤其对那些currently use products of competitors，引起他们的反感。举例：shampoo A广告说如果使用A顾客头发很beautiful and shining。如果使用B，顾客头发很糟糕bad hair，会让那些本来就在用shampoo B feel insulted，因为他们发现自己的头发状况也很好，会导致正在使用B的消费者反感，they will never switch to A.

　　J

　　Task 1

　　Many cities have traffic congestions (traffic jams). What do you think a city should do to deal with traffic jams and why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】：interest boosting(兴趣激发)：in class, to boost students’ interest教室为吸引学生注意力应该把一个学生觉得没有意思的书本内容与学生感兴趣的内容结合在一起by showing the material of the subject.

　　【教授举例】：教授举了他妻子的例子。教授的妻子是一个高中老师，教学生化学课，她想跟学生讲有关居里夫人的故事，但是他的学生都不感兴趣care about，不能集中精力。后来改成放一个关于居里夫人的电影movie which related to the subject, 说了一些她的发明和故事because she thinks that students love that movie and the main actor. 电影里有很popular的演员，as a result，学生很爱看，也对这门课产生了浓厚的兴趣，students really paid more attention.

　　K

　　Task 1

　　Your university is planning to allow students to watch TV in their dormitories. What is your opinion and why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV in dormitories? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 3

　　【学生倡议】：一个叫Mark的学生给大学newspaper写信说大学应该改变校车服务。好处1.增加更多校园巴士run buses more frequently 可以reduce waiting time，更efficient。好处2. 走更合理路线，学生可以不用开车来学校了，会有更少的学生自己开车上学，更多同学乘buses。

　　【学生态度】：女生赞成totally agrees。理由1. 可以节约学生时间，目前校车班次太少，以前学生从城市的一边到另一边赶课，如果错过一班校车，下一班要等太久，她以前坐校车害得她要等20分钟。有一次chemistry class迟到，所以她只有开车来学校。理由2. 可让开车的人省钱，现在gas 很expensive，虽然short way, but the cost can add up 很花钱 a short dirve will cost much,坐校车 better option，可以提供一个switch, she will go back t the bus.

　　L

　　Task 2

　　Some people think that employees should be required to wear formal suits by their bosses. Other people think that employees should be required to wear casual clothes by their bosses. What is your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】：男生Sam is in charge of the classic movie club.这星期他还邀请到一个教授在放映一部电影前介绍这部电影，但是教授因为家里临时有急事family emergency, canceled this lecture.

　　【解决方案】：男生自己想了两个方案：1. 推迟放映reschedule，但是男生怕好多学生因临时没看到通知还是来参加这个活动了。2.男生自己准备材料，给同学介绍这部电影，但就会少了Q&A环节，因为他没法回答学生问题。

　　M

　　Task 1

　　A friend of yours is preparing for a presentation. Which way you recommend your friend should take? To watch experienced speakers’ representations or to practice more in front of many people. Explain why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 3

　　【学校通知】：学校计划降低能耗，理由1. 为旧楼加装密闭好的窗户，2. 减少一些学生不多的building的开放时间。

　　【学生态度】：男生同意。理由1. 那些旧楼确实需要装密闭窗户。天冷时，窗户漏风，坐在窗边冷飕飕的，耗费能源也多。理由2.那些hall lag到那么晚，但确只有几个学生在晚上用，他们几个人要用的话，完全可以去student study center or library.

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】：synomone(互益素)：指的是两种动物之间释放出的chemical signal互惠互利。

　　【教授举例】：教授以两种鱼为例Prople释放出的chemical signal吸引clowfish，而clowfish释放出的chemical signal吸引一种大鱼，这样prople吃了大鱼，也保护了clowfish。

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】：男生本打算这周末回家给母亲庆祝生日，但paper要交，没写完。

　　【解决方案】：两方案：1. 不回了，爹妈能理解;方案2. 带着paper回，两不误。

　　N

　　Task 2

　　Some people prefer a job with a lot of business travels. Others prefer a job without business travels. Which kind of job do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

　　Task 3

　　【大学通知】：大学计划把concert举办到校外去students in the university orchestra will perform in local school.理由1. 给学生更多机会锻炼They will have more chances to perfrom. 理由2. 提高高校的reputation，引起schoolchild学音乐的兴趣inspire the kids to learn musical instruments.

　　【男生态度】：男生赞成此倡议。理由1. 现在每年只有一次的concert, students in the university orchestra only can perform once at the end of the semester. They practice and rehearse a lot. So it is a shame to perform once and the policy will give them more chances to perform. 理由2. 可以帮助孩子们提高音乐兴趣they perform the concerts in local schools which will inspire the kids to learn musical instruments. It gets harder to learn when older. The man did not learn violin very young. He had spent quite some time to catch up with others. He thought if he started learning violin at a young age, it would be easier for him.

　　O

　　Task 1

　　Which of the following activities would you like to do most if you work in a hospital as a volunteer? 1. to talk with patients 2. to read books to patients 3. to talk with patients’ family members. Explain why? Include reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Task 2

　　Some people prefer work alone. Others prefer to work with others in a team. Which kind of work do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

　　Task 3

　　【大学通知】：大学计划吸引更多读者读校报，理由1. 大学要把报纸价格降价。理由2.大学会叫人把校报直接送到学生宿舍去。

　　【学生态度】：女生反对此计划。理由1.报纸价格已经很便宜了，只要50美分就可以知道校园的动向，2.校报规模不大，没有那么多员工和车，可能无法及时送到，特别是偏远校区。女生建议学校买个小车并扩大规模。

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】：natural consequence：小孩做错事，达人口头不用惩罚，由着做错事的结果来惩罚孩子。

　　【教授举例】：教授给了个例子，教授5岁的女儿在后院玩了玩具经常不收进来，教授怎么说怎么惩罚都没用，每次都是他帮女儿收拾进来。一天女儿还是把玩具放在后院，教授没有帮收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的毛绒玩具都弄上泥巴了，女儿非常sad，在这件事后认识到自己的错，以后就记得把玩具收进来了。

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】：男生要print paper，但是他得去学校student center打印，student center离他宿舍太远不方便。

　　【解决方案】：两方案：1. 从同学那买个二手的打印机，才15块，但是比较容易坏，并且打印效果不好。2. 买全新的，贵，但是男生还有两年毕业，可以买个新的也比较值。

　　P

　　Task 3

　　【个人倡议】：一学生写信给校报说学校应让在校生visit the mentors in an office place. 好处1. they can discuss about academic activities in school. 2. students will learn more about their future career from the mentors.

　　【学生态度】：女生反对此建议。理由1. 学生现在很忙，没时间拜访they don’t have time to visit office places off campus. Also, there is a student center on campus to help them answer these questions and it open all day, which is convenient to students. However, most students don’t know about it because it hasn’t been advertised in appropriate way. 理由2. it’s enough to get advices from their parents, academic advisor and professor, advices from more resources may make students confused.

　　Task 4

　　【名词解释】：virtue by association (美德联想)：People tent do think others are better than they actually are if they are associated with something famous or people prefer.

　　【教授举例】：the professor takes an example about an election of major in his hometown. Before the election, he was too busy to read any article, to listen to any speech or anything related to get the background. However, there was once candidate from a famous small town which was good at business and organizes community. What’s more, the candidate’s mother was a mayor 20 years ago. Therefore, he thought that man has the ability to take this position and others voted to him too. However, at last, that man wasn’t able to work as a mayor because he didn’t bring any business to the city after the election.

　　Task 5

　　【学生困难】：The man Jim wants to go for a hiking camp with his friends this weekends, but he is not sure if he should take the trip to the mountain or not, because he is not completely recovered from the cold.

　　【解决方案】：1. cancel it, because there are some exams next week. 但是会让朋友们失望。2. 仍然participate the hiking，但是做好保暖的措施prepare enough (medicine and warm cloth)防止更sick, the top of the mountain is so chill for a patient.

　　Task 6

　　【讲课要点】：Salt soil is accumulated during the irrigation. People can use two solutions to deal with this problem: 1. use pipes to lead extra water away, accompany with bring back the extra salt. 2. plant some resistant crops which can grow in the salt soil.