主持人:王老师关于对比型文本指的是什么?
王老师:以TPO1, L1的Rose Frantzen’s work为例,教授开篇说到:
Ok, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment. The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism.
教授要给大家布置作业,就是去看一个画展。因此这一堂课,教授就向大家介绍了这个画展的作家,Rose Frantzen,的作品。这也是我们本文的主题。教授说到,Rose的艺术风格是现实印象主义(Realism Impressionism),因此后文教授分别对比讲述了现实主义(realism)和印象主义(impressionism)在Rose作品中的呈现,从而构成了文章的主体结构。
1. What is the purpose of the lecture?
A. To explain the difference between two artistic styles
B. To describe a new art gallery to the class
C. To introduce an artist's work to the class
D. To show how artists' styles can evolve over time
这一篇讲座的主旨题属于目的主旨题,与内容主旨题不同,目的主旨题不一定是考察对全文内容的概括总结能力,而是考察对教授讲解意图的分析,需要更高的逻辑分析能力。在这篇文章中,教授之所以进行这次讲座,就是向大家介绍Rose Frantzen的作品,为next assignment做背景知识讲述,打好基础。
主持人:这类题型是简单还是复杂的?就是难易程度如何对于学生来说?
王老师:这一篇目的主旨题比较清晰,我们再来看一篇比较有难度的目的主旨题。TPO6, L1的繁荣与破灭 (boom and bust),文章开头说到:
Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust” what does that bring to mind?
The dot-com crash of the 90’s.
Of course,booms aren’t always followed by busts. We’ve certainly seen times when local economies expanded rapidly for a while and then went back to a normal pace of growth. But, there’s a type of rapid expansion, what might be called the hysterical or irrational boom that pretty much always leads to a bust. See, people often create and intensify a boom when they get carried away by some new industry that seems like it will make them lots of money fast. You’d think that by the 90s, people would have learned from the past. If they did, well, look at tulips.
教授首先提出今天的主题,繁荣与破灭,引导学生给出事例。学生举出了互联网衰败事例(dot-com crash),教授在解释这个例子之后说到不是所有的繁荣一定跟着破灭,但是,有一类快速扩张,一类非理性的扩张,一定会导致破灭。后文讲解了一个郁金香的事例,分析了郁金香热潮从繁荣到破灭的过程。
1. What is the main purpose of the talk?
A. to show what happens after an economy has experienced a boom-and-bust cycle
B. to illustrate the conditions needed to produce a boom-and-bust cycle
C. to demonstrate how boom-and-bust cycles have changed over time
D. to explain why the boom-and-bust cycle is not a frequent historical occurrence
在做题过程中,这道题错误率非常高,因为教授的目的没有非常清晰的呈现在全部内容中。全文内容是一个关于郁金香热潮从繁荣到破灭的过程。但是,在解释的过程中,教授提到了繁荣的条件与破灭的诱因,是这些条件导致了繁荣-破灭过程。再回到这道题的题目,提问的是讲座的主要目的,而不是主要内容,因此尽管导致繁荣-破灭过程的条件只是其中一部分内容,但它说明了“有一类快速扩张,一类非理性的扩张,一定会导致破灭。”这句话,告诉了我们什么样的条件会产生这种扩张,形成繁荣-破灭的过程。
从这道题我们可以很清晰的了解目的主旨题与内容主旨题的区别,即内容主旨题是对全文内容的概括,而目的主旨题是对教授意图与文章目的的考察,不一定涵盖全文内容。通过对文本类型和主旨题类别详细的分析阐释,我们也可以得出一些做主旨题的方法:
1. 主旨题首先关注文章开头部分,部分题目需要了解全文才能得出大意;
2. 教授不会从第一句话就开始说今天主要内容,多数会回顾一下之前的内容。而today, before we close today…等信号词出现时才会是文章主旨出现的地方;
3. 内容主旨题与目的主旨题考察学生的能力不同,做题方法不同。
总而言之,主旨题反映了学生对于文本的总体理解,也是最好其他题目的前提,因此在托福听力测试中十分重要。了解出题思路与考察重点能帮助我们在做选择时更有的放矢,做出正确选择。
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