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托福写作错误的语法

　　在托福考试中很多时候，考生用错标点并不是应为没有掌握标点的使用规则，而是因为对句子所涉及的语法本身不明白，因而造成标点错用。下面，让我们来看一下，因语法而产生的标点错用的情况有哪些。

　　主持人：王老师您好!托福写作中错误的语法知识之标题问题有哪些?

　　王老师：主要有以下几个方面：

　　　(1) 把非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clause) 理解成限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clause) 而忽略用逗点。

　　〔错误〕 He killed his father that shocked me.

　　从句意来看,上句是一个非限制性定语从句,故应在his father后加逗点,把that 相应改成which 即:

　　〔修改〕 He killed his father, which shocked me.

　　(2) 不论状语从句在整个句子中处于何种位置,一概以逗点隔开。

　　〔错误〕 We will go there , if it is fine tomorrow.

　　状语从句可置于句首或句末。置于句首时,一般要用标点隔开;而置于句末时,则无需与主句隔开,故以上句子应改为:

　　〔修改〕 If it is fine tomorrow , we will go there. 或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.

　　(3) 在疑问句形式的陈述句后使用问号。

　　〔错误〕 What fun we girls could expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them ?I wondered.

　　〔修改〕 What fun could we girls expect , to stay in the same class , studying for four long years with them , I wondered.

　　英语疑问除可用问号来表达外,尚可用词序加以表达。故上例的疑问可用逗点表示。

　　(4) 误把however ,therefore , because , thus 等起联系作用的副词当成并列连词,导致写作中的逗号粘连(comma splice) 错误。

　　〔错误〕 She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , however , she didn’t care for that .

　　两个完整的句子或两个并列句之间不能一概用逗点点开, 可用句号、分号或在逗点后加并列连词(and , but , or , for , so , nor , yet) 等方法修改。故上例可改为:

　　〔修改〕 She thought what the teacher pointed out was right . However, she didn’t care for that .

　　或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right ; however , she didn’t care for that .

　　或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right , but she didn’t care for that .

　　(5) 与comma splice 相映成趣的是,许多学生作文时,极少考虑句子间的逻辑关系,一个逗点连首尾,导致大量熔句(fused sentence) 的堆砌。例如:

　　〔错误〕 Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time.

　　〔修改〕 Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time.

　　或Young men like blue jeans. They wear them all the time.

　　或Young men like blue jeans , and they wear them all the time.

　　或Young men like blue jeans ; they wear them all the time.

　　或Since young men like blue jeans , they wear them all the time.

　　(6) 两个并列的形容词间以and 代替逗点。

　　〔错误〕 Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood.

　　现代英语表达一般在两个形容词中间不使用and , 而是用逗点分隔。

　　〔修改〕 Through the window , in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the small clearing where I spent my lonely , hard childhood

　　因语体错位而造成的标点错误。英文写作是一种书面语的输出。其书面语体的特征要求其与口头语相区别。口语中存在的大量缩约(contraction) 在书面语体中应尽量避免。而许多学生在书面作文中大量使用省字号(’),几乎1/ 3 左右的作文在文体上存在漏洞,现代英语的发展对此却难以容忍。如:

　　1. I’d like to share my joys with you. ( I would like to)

　　2. .you can’t behave like that . (you cannot)

　　3. .there’re so many splendid toys for me to select . (there are)

　　其他错误：(1) 引号错误。

　　〔错误〕“No pain , no gain. ”If you .

　　〔修改〕 As the saying goes ,“No pain , no gain. ”

　　英文中短小的引语与作者提示“某某说之类的词语之间用逗点隔开,置于引号内。不能省略提示语“某某说之类而直接引用。

　　〔错误〕 Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ? ”, Dr. Jefferson frowned thoughtfully.

　　〔修改〕Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ?,”Dr. Jefferson frowned thoughtfully.

　　许多学生对诸如上例引号边的标点位置含糊,不清楚以下常用法:句号和逗号必须置于引号之内;冒号和分号必须置于引号之外;如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句,问号和感叹号一般放在引号之内,否则,问号和感叹号则放在引号之外。

　　(2) 日-月-年次序的日期中的逗号错误。英语日期的表达可以用月-日-年的次序和日-月-年的次序,日和年之间加逗号而月和年之间习惯上不加逗号。例如: 误把“13 August 2002”写成“13 August , 2002”。

　　(3) 在部分副词如perhaps , so 后加逗号。如:

　　〔错误〕 Perhaps , I would not have such a good chance again.

　　〔错误〕 So , they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.

　　以上两句的修改方法是把句中的逗号去掉。

　　(4) 连接号(hyphen) 错误。

　　许多英语习 作者往往随意用连接号派生单词,如把“boyfriend”写成“boy -friend”;“middle school”写成“middle -school”。在行末单词分行时,连接号使用错误更多。与之相反,若把本应有的连接号粗心删去,其单词含义可能会大相径庭。如有一年美国政府在一份贸 易清单上列举了一些免税进口的物品,其中有一种是foreign fruit —plants(外国果树苗),后来由于打字员的疏忽，漏打连接号使其成了foreign fruit , plants(外国水果、树苗),结果导致第二年大量的水果如桔子、葡萄等从世界各地免税涌入美国市场从而使美国政府当年损失约200 多万美元。

　　应用逗号而没用,造成语义的表达不清。

　　Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange and black ties.

　　使人看了以后不知是发5 摞(1 摞= 12 打)

　　—红、绿、蓝、橙、黑各一摞— 领带,还是发4 摞

　　—红、绿、蓝、橙黑各一摞领带。这句话可改为:

　　①Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange ,and black ties.

　　②Please send me a gross each of the red , green ,blue ,orange-and-black ties.

　　以上就是托福写作中错误的语法知识有哪些的详细内容，希望今天的内容能够给大家的托福考试带来一丝帮助!

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